http://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&feed=atom&action=historyA Possible Anomaly in Galactic Recessional Speed Alleged to Increase with Universal Distance - Revision history2024-03-28T23:09:38ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.0http://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&diff=277155&oldid=prevDeHilster: /* Acknowledgement */2018-08-14T22:39:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Acknowledgement</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>I would like to acknowledge John Gowan for reviewing my paper and offering some insights. After drafting this paper, I contacted him for any feedback he might offer, and he was kind enough to respond as follows:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>I would like to acknowledge John Gowan for reviewing my paper and offering some insights. After drafting this paper, I contacted him for any feedback he might offer, and he was kind enough to respond as follows:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''As to the slowing of the cosmic expansion at large redshift, I can offer several possible explanations: (1) First we must assume the data is correct as reported. I have wondered if the high redshift data was accurate in terms of its accompanying distance estimates - are the distance estimates the result of relative luminosity data as compared to a standard candle, or are they just using the redshift formula to calculate an expected distance - which would explain why their data fit the calculated redshift vs distance curves on my map so nicely. If this is the case, then I can't really use their (high redshift) data to validate my map, since they are just doing the same thing I am doing. (I use Steven Weinberg's assumption that redshift is due to the size difference between the observed universe and our current universe.) (2) If we accept the data as reported, then it may be that the rate of expansion during the early universe is slower because the average density of the universe is greater, and so the average strength of the cosmic gravitational field is larger due to the inverse square law. (3) The total gravitational field of the cosmos will decrease with time as the mass of the stars is converted to light. This effect will allow the universe to expand more rapidly as it ages. (See my paper: "Does Light Produce a Gravitational Field?") ''(http://www.johnagowan.org/lightfield.html) [The prime argument made here is that "Light traveling freely in space does not produce a gravitational field - contrary to most 'establishment' thinking. Because the 'Interval' of light = zero, light has no specific location in space-time (light is 'non-local'), and hence cannot provide a center for such a field. Since an un-centered gravitational field violates energy (and symmetry) conservation (including the 'Equivalence Principle'), light moving freely in vacuum cannot and does not produce a gravitational field. This result is important for theories attempting to unify gravity with the other forces."] ''(4) Others have noticed this anomaly at about redshift 1 (halfway to the 'big bang') and have attributed it to 'dark energy' asserting its dominance due to the simple increase in the volume of space-time. But I think 'dark energy' is simply the reduction of the total cosmic gravitational field, as muted above via the conversion of mass to light in stars and other astrophysical phenomena. Perhaps an especially vigorous period of star formation occurred at about this time. (5) Note that my map is not intended to be a highly accurate map, but rather a 'proof of concept' map, demonstrating that this is a valid way of visualizing the cosmos from our own unique vantage point. However, it does immediately bring into question certain concepts in cosmology such as 'inflation.' ''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>''As to the slowing of the cosmic expansion at large redshift, I can offer several possible explanations: (1) First we must assume the data is correct as reported. I have wondered if the high redshift data was accurate in terms of its accompanying distance estimates - are the distance estimates the result of relative luminosity data as compared to a standard candle, or are they just using the redshift formula to calculate an expected distance - which would explain why their data fit the calculated redshift vs distance curves on my map so nicely. If this is the case, then I can't really use their (high redshift) data to validate my map, since they are just doing the same thing I am doing. (I use Steven Weinberg's assumption that redshift is due to the size difference between the observed universe and our current universe.) (2) If we accept the data as reported, then it may be that the rate of expansion during the early universe is slower because the average density of the universe is greater, and so the average strength of the cosmic gravitational field is larger due to the inverse square law. (3) The total gravitational field of the cosmos will decrease with time as the mass of the stars is converted to light. This effect will allow the universe to expand more rapidly as it ages. (See my paper: "Does Light Produce a Gravitational Field?") ''(http://www.johnagowan.org/lightfield.html) [The prime argument made here is that "Light traveling freely in space does not produce a gravitational field - contrary to most 'establishment' thinking. Because the 'Interval' of light = zero, light has no specific location in space-time (light is 'non-local'), and hence cannot provide a center for such a field. Since an un-centered gravitational field violates energy (and symmetry) conservation (including the 'Equivalence Principle'), light moving freely in vacuum cannot and does not produce a gravitational field. This result is important for theories attempting to unify gravity with the other forces."] ''(4) Others have noticed this anomaly at about redshift 1 (halfway to the 'big bang') and have attributed it to 'dark energy' asserting its dominance due to the simple increase in the volume of space-time. But I think 'dark energy' is simply the reduction of the total cosmic gravitational field, as muted above via the conversion of mass to light in stars and other astrophysical phenomena. Perhaps an especially vigorous period of star formation occurred at about this time. (5) Note that my map is not intended to be a highly accurate map, but rather a 'proof of concept' map, demonstrating that this is a valid way of visualizing the cosmos from our own unique vantage point. However, it does immediately bring into question certain concepts in cosmology such as 'inflation.' ''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not being a proponent of the Big Bang, cosmic expansion, etc., I cannot justifiably comment on Gowan's insights other than to acknowledge my acceptance of Gowan's redshift vs. distance data as accurate in my analysis, as per his first insight. I do note the potential for his third and fourth insights possibly offering an explanation if the reduction in mass (due to conversion to light) can be attributed to something other than the universe 'aging' relative to some initial 'Big Bang.' I concur with Gowan's rejection of some mysterious 'dark energy' as per his fourth insight. However, I remain skeptical regarding any sort of gravitational explanation for the anomaly shown in Figure <xr id="fig:four"/> and Figure <xr id="fig:six"/> given the difficulty in relating it to some sort of inverse distance-squared behavior.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not being a proponent of the Big Bang, cosmic expansion, etc., I cannot justifiably comment on Gowan's insights other than to acknowledge my acceptance of Gowan's redshift vs. distance data as accurate in my analysis, as per his first insight. I do note the potential for his third and fourth insights possibly offering an explanation if the reduction in mass (due to conversion to light) can be attributed to something other than the universe 'aging' relative to some initial 'Big Bang.' I concur with Gowan's rejection of some mysterious 'dark energy' as per his fourth insight. However, I remain skeptical regarding any sort of gravitational explanation for the anomaly shown in Figure <xr id="fig:four"/> and Figure <xr id="fig:six"/> given the difficulty in relating it to some sort of inverse distance-squared behavior.</div></td></tr>
</table>DeHilsterhttp://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&diff=277154&oldid=prevDeHilster: /* Abstract */2018-08-14T22:37:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Abstract</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Examining the Full Range of Galactic Redshifts and Distances==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">\cnpsheading\section{Examining the Full Range of Galactic Redshifts and Distances} </del>While Hubble's law is based on the 'lower' range of galactic redshifts and distances, and extrapolated to the 'higher' redshifts and distances to support the theory of universal expansion, it is instructive to revisit this over the full range of redshifts and distances, as tabulated by Gowan when developing "A Space-time Map of the Universe: Implications for Cosmology and Inflation." <ref>J. Gowan, '' A Space-time Map of the Universe: Implications for Cosmology and Inflation '' , http://www.johnagowan.org/spacetxt.html.</ref> Gowan extracted data on 27 redshifts as a function of distance from reported observations ranging from 0.04 (redshift) at 4E+8 ly from earth to 18.3 (redshift) at 1.34E+10 ly from earth (see Table 1 [Figure <xr id="fig:two"/> ]). To facilitate subsequent calculations, I performed non-linear regressions on Gowan's data using <ref>Wikipedia, '' Non-Linear Regression '' , http://www.xuru.org/rt/NLR.asp\#CopyPaste.</ref> to obtain the following best fits:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While Hubble's law is based on the 'lower' range of galactic redshifts and distances, and extrapolated to the 'higher' redshifts and distances to support the theory of universal expansion, it is instructive to revisit this over the full range of redshifts and distances, as tabulated by Gowan when developing "A Space-time Map of the Universe: Implications for Cosmology and Inflation." <ref>J. Gowan, '' A Space-time Map of the Universe: Implications for Cosmology and Inflation '' , http://www.johnagowan.org/spacetxt.html.</ref> Gowan extracted data on 27 redshifts as a function of distance from reported observations ranging from 0.04 (redshift) at 4E+8 ly from earth to 18.3 (redshift) at 1.34E+10 ly from earth (see Table 1 [Figure <xr id="fig:two"/> ]). To facilitate subsequent calculations, I performed non-linear regressions on Gowan's data using <ref>Wikipedia, '' Non-Linear Regression '' , http://www.xuru.org/rt/NLR.asp\#CopyPaste.</ref> to obtain the following best fits:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polynomial: <math display="inline">z = D/(-0.1730D^2 + 2.269D + 1.409)</math> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polynomial: <math display="inline">z = D/(-0.1730D^2 + 2.269D + 1.409)</math> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If one applies a value of approximately 70 <math display="inline">\frac{km/s}{Mpc}</math> for the Hubble Constant, the recession speeds approach that of light based on the Hubble law (4,108 x 70 = 288,000 <math display="inline">\frac{km}{s}</math> = 0.96c) but peak at roughly one-third this value for the non-linear approximation (1,372 x 70 = 96,000 <math display="inline">\frac{km}{s}</math> = 0.32c). Furthermore, the peak for the non-linear approximation occurs around a distance of 9E+9 ly from earth, where the redshift is approximately 1. There is a distinct deviation from linear behavior for the latter as low as approximately 3E+9 ly from earth (redshift <math display="inline">\approx 0.25</math> ), with a decrease in recession speed beyond 9E+9 ly (redshift <math display="inline">\geq 1</math> ). What might this indicate?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If one applies a value of approximately 70 <math display="inline">\frac{km/s}{Mpc}</math> for the Hubble Constant, the recession speeds approach that of light based on the Hubble law (4,108 x 70 = 288,000 <math display="inline">\frac{km}{s}</math> = 0.96c) but peak at roughly one-third this value for the non-linear approximation (1,372 x 70 = 96,000 <math display="inline">\frac{km}{s}</math> = 0.32c). Furthermore, the peak for the non-linear approximation occurs around a distance of 9E+9 ly from earth, where the redshift is approximately 1. There is a distinct deviation from linear behavior for the latter as low as approximately 3E+9 ly from earth (redshift <math display="inline">\approx 0.25</math> ), with a decrease in recession speed beyond 9E+9 ly (redshift <math display="inline">\geq 1</math> ). What might this indicate?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">\cnpsheading\section{</del>Speculation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">} </del>I must confess to being at a loss to begin to explain the anomalous behavior of recession speed (scaled to H) resulting from the non-linear approximation based on the Gowan data. In order to try to make some progress, I first tried some regression fits to this curve up to a distance of approximately 9E+9 ly (the increasing part of the curve). The three best and simplest results were as follows (via <ref>Wikipedia, '' Non-Linear Regression '' , http://www.xuru.org/rt/NLR.asp\#CopyPaste.</ref> ):</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</ins>Speculation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>I must confess to being at a loss to begin to explain the anomalous behavior of recession speed (scaled to H) resulting from the non-linear approximation based on the Gowan data. In order to try to make some progress, I first tried some regression fits to this curve up to a distance of approximately 9E+9 ly (the increasing part of the curve). The three best and simplest results were as follows (via <ref>Wikipedia, '' Non-Linear Regression '' , http://www.xuru.org/rt/NLR.asp\#CopyPaste.</ref> ):</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sinusoidal: <math display="inline">\frac{v}{H} Ratio = sin(-0.1787D + 9.410)</math> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sinusoidal: <math display="inline">\frac{v}{H} Ratio = sin(-0.1787D + 9.410)</math> </div></td></tr>
</table>DeHilsterhttp://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&diff=277153&oldid=prevDeHilster: /* Abstract */2018-08-14T22:36:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Abstract</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As described in <ref>Wikipedia, '' Hubble's Law '' , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s law.</ref> :</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As described in <ref>Wikipedia, '' Hubble's Law '' , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s law.</ref> :</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Hubble's law is the name for the observation in physical cosmology that: (1) Objects observed in deep space (extragalactic space, [approximately] 10 megaparsecs [Mpc] or more) are found to have a Doppler shift interpretable as relative velocity away from the Earth; (2) This Doppler-shift-measured velocity, of various galaxies receding from the Earth, is approximately proportional to their distance from the Earth for galaxies up to a few hundred Mpc away. Hubble's law is considered the first observational basis for the expansion of the universe and today serves as one of the pieces of evidence most often cited in support of the Big Bang model Georges Lemaitre in a 1927 article proposed the expansion of the universe and suggested an estimated value of the rate of expansion, now called the Hubble constant. Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and determined a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name The law is often expressed by the equation <math display="inline">v = H_0D</math> , with <math display="inline">H_0</math> the constant of proportionality (Hubble constant) between the 'proper distance' D to a galaxy and its velocity v <math display="inline">...</math> [ <math display="inline">H_0</math> ] is most frequently quoted in <math display="inline">\frac{km/s}{Mpc} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">…</del></math> ''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Hubble's law is the name for the observation in physical cosmology that: (1) Objects observed in deep space (extragalactic space, [approximately] 10 megaparsecs [Mpc] or more) are found to have a Doppler shift interpretable as relative velocity away from the Earth; (2) This Doppler-shift-measured velocity, of various galaxies receding from the Earth, is approximately proportional to their distance from the Earth for galaxies up to a few hundred Mpc away. Hubble's law is considered the first observational basis for the expansion of the universe and today serves as one of the pieces of evidence most often cited in support of the Big Bang model Georges Lemaitre in a 1927 article proposed the expansion of the universe and suggested an estimated value of the rate of expansion, now called the Hubble constant. Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and determined a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name The law is often expressed by the equation <math display="inline">v = H_0D</math> , with <math display="inline">H_0</math> the constant of proportionality (Hubble constant) between the 'proper distance' D to a galaxy and its velocity v <math display="inline">...</math> [ <math display="inline">H_0</math> ] is most frequently quoted in <math display="inline">\frac{km/s}{Mpc}</math> ''.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hubble's law is typically based on fitting data for relatively low (on a 'universal' scale) redshifts and distances, such as shown in Figure <xr id="fig:one"/> . <ref>Wikipedia, '' Hubble's Law '' , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s law.</ref> At larger redshifts and distances approaching the reputed size of the observable universe (1.4E+10 ly), " <math display="inline">...</math> using the theory of general relativity gives a more accurate relation for recession velocities, which can be greater than the speed of light. Note this doesn't break the ultimate speed limit of ''c ''in Special Relativity as nothing is actually moving at that speed, rather the entire distance between the receding object and us is increasing. This is a complex formula requiring knowledge of the overall expansion history of the universe to calculate correctly but a simple recession velocity is given by multiplying the co-moving distance ( ''D '') of the object by the Hubble parameter at that redshift ( ''H '') as <math display="inline">z \approx \frac{HD}{v} - 1</math> ," where v is the recession speed. <ref>Wikipedia, '' Cosmological Redshift '' , http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/C/Cosmological+ Redshift.</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hubble's law is typically based on fitting data for relatively low (on a 'universal' scale) redshifts and distances, such as shown in Figure <xr id="fig:one"/> . <ref>Wikipedia, '' Hubble's Law '' , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s law.</ref> At larger redshifts and distances approaching the reputed size of the observable universe (1.4E+10 ly), " <math display="inline">...</math> using the theory of general relativity gives a more accurate relation for recession velocities, which can be greater than the speed of light. Note this doesn't break the ultimate speed limit of ''c ''in Special Relativity as nothing is actually moving at that speed, rather the entire distance between the receding object and us is increasing. This is a complex formula requiring knowledge of the overall expansion history of the universe to calculate correctly but a simple recession velocity is given by multiplying the co-moving distance ( ''D '') of the object by the Hubble parameter at that redshift ( ''H '') as <math display="inline">z \approx \frac{HD}{v} - 1</math> ," where v is the recession speed. <ref>Wikipedia, '' Cosmological Redshift '' , http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/C/Cosmological+ Redshift.</ref> </div></td></tr>
</table>DeHilsterhttp://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&diff=277152&oldid=prevDeHilster at 22:35, 14 August 20182018-08-14T22:35:49Z<p></p>
<a href="http://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&diff=277152&oldid=16792">Show changes</a>DeHilsterhttp://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&diff=16792&oldid=prevMaintenance script: Imported from text file2017-01-01T17:01:30Z<p>Imported from text file</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hubble’s law of cosmic expansion is typically based on fitting data for relatively low (on a ‘universal’ scale) redshifts and distances. Extrapolating Hubble’s law to the entire observable universe, proponents of the Big Bang Standard Cosmological Model claim the universe is expanding (possibly faster than their sacred speed of light due to a repulsive acceleration being produced by ‘dark energy’) because galactic redshifts increase linearly with distance from the earth. To them, this ‘proves’ there was a Big Bang and the resulting universe will continue without bound to expand until all dies out in the absolute cold of space. However, a relatively simple analysis of galactic redshifts vs. distance spanning the full range of the observable universe, not just the ‘nearby’ galaxies, suggests that there is an anomaly in the reputed increasing recessional speed with distance. The nature of this anomaly is examined here, and speculation offered as to one possible explanation, albeit far from definitive.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hubble’s law of cosmic expansion is typically based on fitting data for relatively low (on a ‘universal’ scale) redshifts and distances. Extrapolating Hubble’s law to the entire observable universe, proponents of the Big Bang Standard Cosmological Model claim the universe is expanding (possibly faster than their sacred speed of light due to a repulsive acceleration being produced by ‘dark energy’) because galactic redshifts increase linearly with distance from the earth. To them, this ‘proves’ there was a Big Bang and the resulting universe will continue without bound to expand until all dies out in the absolute cold of space. However, a relatively simple analysis of galactic redshifts vs. distance spanning the full range of the observable universe, not just the ‘nearby’ galaxies, suggests that there is an anomaly in the reputed increasing recessional speed with distance. The nature of this anomaly is examined here, and speculation offered as to one possible explanation, albeit far from definitive.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Maintenance scripthttp://wiki.naturalphilosophy.org/index.php?title=A_Possible_Anomaly_in_Galactic_Recessional_Speed_Alleged_to_Increase_with_Universal_Distance&diff=10954&oldid=prevMaintenance script: Imported from text file2016-12-30T18:17:18Z<p>Imported from text file</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Infobox paper<br />
| title = A Possible Anomaly in Galactic Recessional Speed Alleged to Increase with Universal Distance<br />
| url = [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_paperlink_7320.docx Link to paper]<br />
| author = [[Raymond H Gallucci]]<br />
| keywords = [[Galactic Recession; Hubble; Regression; \"Big Wave\": Gowan; Rydin]]<br />
| published = 2015<br />
| num_pages = 4<br />
}}<br />
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'''Read the full paper''' [http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_paperlink_7320.docx here]<br />
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==Abstract==<br />
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Hubble’s law of cosmic expansion is typically based on fitting data for relatively low (on a ‘universal’ scale) redshifts and distances. Extrapolating Hubble’s law to the entire observable universe, proponents of the Big Bang Standard Cosmological Model claim the universe is expanding (possibly faster than their sacred speed of light due to a repulsive acceleration being produced by ‘dark energy’) because galactic redshifts increase linearly with distance from the earth. To them, this ‘proves’ there was a Big Bang and the resulting universe will continue without bound to expand until all dies out in the absolute cold of space. However, a relatively simple analysis of galactic redshifts vs. distance spanning the full range of the observable universe, not just the ‘nearby’ galaxies, suggests that there is an anomaly in the reputed increasing recessional speed with distance. The nature of this anomaly is examined here, and speculation offered as to one possible explanation, albeit far from definitive.<br />
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[[Category:Gravity]]<br />
[[Category:Relativity]]<br />
[[Category:Cosmology]]<br />
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