Prime Elements of Ordinary Matter, Dark Matter & Dark Energy

Prime Elements of Ordinary Matter, Dark Matter & Dark Energy
Author	Vladimir B Ginzburg
Published	2006
Publisher	Helicola Press, Division of IRMC, Inc.
Pages	409
ISBN	0967143241

Prime Elements of Ordinary Matter, Dark Matter & Dark Energy is a 2006 book by the Russian-American engineer and independent theorist Vladimir B Ginzburg, published by his own Helicola Press in Pittsburgh. It is the third edition of the work; the second edition carried the subtitle Beyond Standard Model & String Theory, which states its purpose plainly. The book is the fullest popular presentation of Ginzburg's Three-Dimensional Spiral String Theory (3D-SST), and of the two spacetime elements — the toryx and the helyx — from which he holds all matter and radiation to be built.

The book has a dual character. Roughly its first two thirds are a history of the vortex theory of matter from the Greek philosophers to the twentieth century; the remainder sets out Ginzburg's own theory as what he considers that tradition's fifth and successful phase.

Overview

Ginzburg's starting point is a criticism of the current standard picture. He accepts that the Standard Model predicts laboratory results accurately, but observes that it applies only to the small fraction of the universe made of ordinary matter: dark matter, dark energy and black holes, on the figures he cites, account for between 95 and 99 per cent of what exists and lie outside the model altogether. That gap, he argues, is what has driven the search for alternatives — but the best known of those alternatives, superstring theory, he regards as having been "subdued by insurmountable mathematical difficulties" arising from its use of a multi-dimensional space.

His own proposal is offered as the remedy for both problems at once. The 3-Dimensional Spiral String Theory uses three spatial dimensions and time rather than ten or more, which Ginzburg emphasises makes it testable by three-dimensional experiment; and it treats ordinary matter, dark matter and dark energy not as different substances but as different states of a single underlying spacetime element.

Background: the vortex tradition

The historical chapters set out what Ginzburg presents as four successive phases of the vortex theory, each of which, on his account, attracted first-rate scientists and then faded — not because it was refuted, but because no one could supply the mathematics to make it usable.

Antiquity. The theory begins with the Greek philosophers — Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Leucippus and Democritus — reasoning from observed vortices in rivers, tornadoes and even a stirred cup of tea.
After Copernicus. Its second life came with Johannes Kepler, René Descartes, Christiaan Huygens and Gottfried Leibniz.
The electromagnetic age. Its third came with Hermann Helmholtz, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), James Clerk Maxwell and J. J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron, in whose hands it became the subject of serious analytical work.
The twentieth century. Its fourth return was, in Ginzburg's words, "barely noticeable", overshadowed by quantum theory, relativity and then the Standard Model — though vortex models of the electron persisted, encouraged by observations of vortices in plasmas and space and by the discovery of the double helix of DNA, and culminating in Roger Penrose's twistor theory.

This history is not decoration but argument: it is offered to show that the vortical conception of matter was abandoned prematurely rather than disproved. Along the way the book gives space to figures Ginzburg considers unjustly neglected, among them Emanuel Swedenborg and Walter Russell.

The theory presented

The fifth phase begins, by Ginzburg's account, with his discovery in 1993 of a spacetime spiral element he named the toryx, together with its close offspring the helyx. The decisive property of the toryx is that it can be turned inside out, which makes it suited to modelling polarized prime elements of matter.

In the theory, the universe originates in the polarization of Nothingness, governed by a conservation law and constrained by the uncertainty principle. Toryces are polarized in two independent ways — by charge, through the inversion state of their leading and trailing strings, and by energy, which may be negative or positive — and they occupy discrete excitation and oscillation quantum states. Matched polarized toryces unify to form the elementary matter particles Ginzburg calls trons; helyces, produced when a toryx drops to a lower energy state, combine to give the radiation particles, photons and neutrinos. The interplay of subluminal and superluminal string velocities is what he holds keeps both matter and radiation in existence.

Because the charges of the interacting elements are treated as distributed along circles rather than concentrated at points, Ginzburg argues that the superstrong (colour), strong, gravitational and electric forces all follow from Coulomb's law applied to those distributions — that is, that there is only one force, and the apparent multiplicity is an artefact of the point-charge idealisation. This connects the book to the wider toroidal ring tradition of modelling particles as circulating structures rather than points.

Dark matter and dark energy

The title subject is treated as a direct consequence of the theory rather than as a separate puzzle. Ginzburg does not posit an undiscovered exotic substance. On his account dark matter and dark energy are further metamorphoses of polarized spacetime — states of the same prime elements that constitute ordinary matter, differing in polarization and energy state rather than in kind. The dark sector, on this reading, is not missing matter at all but unrecognised structure in the aether-spacetime the theory already requires, and the aether-forming prime particles are precisely what mainstream cosmology is searching for under another name.

Principal claims

The publisher summarised the book's argument in ten points:

Creation of the prime elements of the universe by charge and reality polarization of Nothingness
The unified structure and properties of the prime elements of ordinary matter, dark matter and dark energy
The relativistic and quantum character of the geometry, mass and electric charge of those prime elements
Creation of elementary particles by unification of polarized prime elements
Cyclic absorption and release of energy by elementary particles
Unification of material and radiation elementary particles
The unified nature of the superstrong (colour), strong, gravitational and electric forces
Unification of subluminal and superluminal velocities
Unification of negative and positive infinities
Unification of real and imaginary entities

Structure

Chapters 1 to 12 carry the history of the vortex theory through its first four phases. The concluding chapters 13 to 15 present the toryx, the helyx and the 3-Dimensional Spiral String Theory itself; these were the sections the author made available as sample downloads, together with the contents and preface.

Editions

First and second editions — the second subtitled Beyond Standard Model & String Theory
Third edition, 2006, 409 pages, Helicola Press (ISBN 0967143241); also issued in hardback

Reviews

Yasuhiko Genku Kimura, founder and chairman of Vision in Action and author of Think Kosmically Act Globally, wrote in the book's cover endorsement:

Prime Elements of Ordinary Matter, Dark Matter & Dark Energy serves as a singular textbook on the history of scientific and mathematical ideas — an excellent complement to Roger Penrose's highly acclaimed but more conventional The Road to Reality. In this book readers encounter many of the most brilliant minds and colorful personalities who have significantly contributed to the evolution of scientific knowledge, including those, such as Emanuel Swedenborg and Walter Russell, who are rarely, if ever, mentioned in traditional books. [...] In addition, this book also serves as a lucid exposition of the author's original mathematical formulation of the vortex theory and its applications based on his discovery of the toryx, and his formulation of the Three-Dimensional Spiral String Theory, which is his version of the grand unified field theory. At the heart of his elegant formulation there is his profound philosophical insight into the nature of reality, especially the inversive relation between nothingness and thingness, coupled with his thorough knowledge of physics and mathematics.

Nobuyuki Kanai of Osaka, Japan, quoted in the book's preface, wrote that "Dr. Ginzburg has ventured to find the simple principles hiding behind the diversities of macrocosm and microcosm."