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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ernest J. Sternglass
| image = Ernest J Sternglass 201.jpg
| alt = Ernest J. Sternglass
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|09|24|mf=y}}
| birth_place = Berlin, Germany
| death_date = 12 February 2015 (aged 91), Ithaca, New York, United States
| residence = Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| nationality = USA
| fields = [[Physics]], [[Cosmology]], Radiological physics
| workplaces = U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory; Westinghouse Research Laboratories; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| known_for = Relativistic electron-positron pair model of matter, [[Big Bang]] alternative cosmology, [[Universe Origins]], low-level radiation epidemiology
}}

'''Ernest Joachim Sternglass''' (24 September 1923, Berlin – 12 February 2015, Ithaca, New York) was a German-born American physicist, inventor and author, Professor Emeritus of Radiological Physics at the University of Pittsburgh. He is known on this wiki above all for his '''relativistic electron-positron pair model of matter and cosmology''' — a scheme in which every particle, and ultimately the universe itself, is built from tightly bound, near-light-speed electron-positron pairs, with no recourse to quarks — and, in the wider world, for his long and deliberately controversial campaign on the health effects of low-level radiation from bomb fallout and nuclear power plants. He spent most of his career arguing positions that the physics and health-physics establishments rejected, and he never retracted them.

==Biography==

Sternglass was born in Berlin in 1923 and emigrated with his family to the United States in 1938, fleeing Nazi Germany. He took all three of his degrees at Cornell University: a BEE in electrical engineering (1944), an MS (1951) and a PhD (1953).

After wartime and postwar service he worked at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, where his experimental work on secondary electron emission began. As a young researcher he corresponded with, and in 1947 visited, [[Albert Einstein]] at Princeton to discuss that work and his broader theoretical ambitions. Einstein famously advised him against a purely academic theoretical career, urging him instead to "keep a cobbler's job" — to earn his living by practical work so that his thinking would remain free and honest. Sternglass took the advice, and it shaped the rest of his life: he did his speculative physics on his own time, outside the institutional reward system.

From 1952 to 1967 he was a research scientist at Westinghouse Research Laboratories near Pittsburgh. His secondary-electron-emission research led directly to the development of the image intensifier tube, the technology behind the low-light Westinghouse television camera that transmitted the live pictures of the Apollo 11 moonwalk in 1969.

In 1967 he moved to the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine as Professor of Radiological Physics, where he pioneered digital X-ray imaging — computer-enhanced radiographic images capable of revealing detail invisible on film, an approach now standard in hospitals worldwide. He retired as Professor Emeritus and later directed the Radiation and Public Health Project.

From the early 1960s onward Sternglass devoted much of his public life to the epidemiology of low-level ionising radiation. Following Alice Stewart's work linking prenatal medical X-rays to childhood leukemia, he published "Cancer: Relation of Prenatal Radiation to Development of the Disease in Childhood" in ''Science'' (1963) and testified before the U.S. Senate that atmospheric bomb testing was delivering fetal doses comparable to several diagnostic X-rays — testimony that fed into the debate over the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty. He went on to argue for measurable excess infant mortality downwind of nuclear installations, including an analysis attributing hundreds of excess infant deaths in the northeastern United States to the 1979 Three Mile Island accident. These claims were strongly disputed by mainstream health physicists and by Stewart herself; Sternglass maintained them for the rest of his life and set out the case in ''Low-Level Radiation'' (1972), ''Secret Fallout'' (1981) and ''The Enemy Within'' (1996).

He died of heart failure in Ithaca, New York, on 12 February 2015, aged 91.

==Scientific contributions==

===The relativistic electron-positron pair===

Sternglass's theoretical programme begins with a single, concrete calculation, published as "Relativistic Electron-Pair Systems and the Structure of Neutral Mesons", ''Physical Review'' '''123''', 391 (1961). He took an ordinary Bohr–Sommerfeld two-body system, replaced the proton by a positron, and — crucially — carried the treatment into the ultra-relativistic limit instead of stopping at the non-relativistic positronium of the textbooks.

The result is qualitatively different from positronium. Because the electromagnetic field between two charges moving at nearly the speed of light is relativistically enhanced, the system develops a ''natural minimum approach distance'': the pair cannot collapse, and a stable, tightly bound, rapidly rotating configuration exists. Sternglass found that the energy of the lowest such state is approximately the rest energy of the neutral pion, and that the calculated lifetime of the system against two-gamma annihilation, about 2.06 × 10<sup>−16</sup> seconds, agreed closely with the then-measured π<sup>0</sup> lifetime.

The implication he drew is radical and is the reason his work matters to this wiki: the π<sup>0</sup> need not be an irreducible object made of quarks. It can be understood as a bound state of an electron and a positron — ordinary, observed, stable particles — held together by ordinary electromagnetism, once relativity is taken seriously in the binding. If that is true for the neutral pion, the question immediately becomes how far the construction can be pushed.

===A hierarchy of pair systems===

Sternglass pushed it all the way. In his later papers and in ''Before the Big Bang'' he developed the pair solution into a self-similar hierarchy: a relativistic pair can itself serve as the constituent of a larger, more massive pair system, which can in turn be a constituent of a larger one still. The masses of successive levels do not vary continuously but climb in discrete steps set by the fine-structure constant, which is why the model reproduces the observed quantization of particle masses rather than having to fit it. On this picture the whole zoo of particles discovered over the past century — pions, kaons, the heavier mesons, and by extension the baryons — is a ladder of electron-positron pair systems at different levels of the hierarchy, and the quark is a bookkeeping device rather than a constituent.

Because the construction is scale-free, nothing stops it at the particle level. This is where Sternglass's cosmology comes from, and it is the deepest sense in which he was a dissident: he did not accept that the universe began at a singularity.

===Before the Big Bang===

In ''Before the Big Bang: The Origins of the Universe'' (1997; revised 2001) Sternglass argued that the universe began as a single, enormously massive relativistic electron-positron pair — one object of the same kind as the π<sup>0</sup> of his 1961 paper, but at the top of the hierarchy, rotating at very nearly the speed of light and containing the entire mass of the cosmos within a volume smaller than a trillionth of an inch across. He explicitly presented this as a physical realisation of Georges Lemaître's original "primeval atom", the idea that the modern Big Bang model had left behind.

This primordial pair was not stable. It divided; its daughters divided; and through a long cascade — Sternglass estimated some 270 successive divisions, unfolding over an enormously extended pre-Big-Bang epoch — the mass of the universe was progressively subdivided into ever smaller and less massive rotating pair systems, all of them still carrying angular momentum from the parent. The "Big Bang" in this account is not the beginning of everything but a late and comparatively violent stage in the cascade, when the pair systems finally fragmented into ordinary matter. Larger "seed pairs" that had not yet divided persisted and later broke up to form the galaxies, clusters and stars, which is where the model gets its explanation of large-scale structure and of the near-universal rotation of astronomical systems — a fact the standard model must add by hand.

Sternglass argued that this removes two of the standard cosmology's most awkward features at a stroke: there is no initial singularity, since the primordial object is an extended rotating system of finite size rather than a point, and there is no need for a separate inflationary epoch, since the hierarchical division cascade already supplies the extended prehistory and the observed uniformity. The universe, in his phrase, has a history ''before'' the Big Bang.

===Influence on other researchers on this wiki===

Sternglass's pair model is the foundation of the entire research programme of [[Mark Creek-water Dorazio]], who has spent years developing, calculating with and popularising the theory — including semiclassical pair-based calculations of the proton radius and detailed modelling of the meson spectrum as a ladder of "onium" states, in which pions are relativistic positronium, kaons are pionium, D mesons are kaonium, and so on up.

Dorazio has also joined Sternglass's work to that of [[Menahem Simhony]], whose EPOLA (electron-positron lattice) treats space itself as a dense crystalline lattice of electrons and positrons rather than as empty geometry. Dorazio's synthesis proposes that the smallest of Sternglass's cosmological pair systems are precisely the elements making up Simhony's lattice — modifying both theories, so that the lattice elements are relativistic electron-positron ''pairs'' rather than separate particles, and arranged tetrahedrally rather than in Simhony's face-centred cubic packing. On that reading Sternglass's dynamic hierarchy and Simhony's structured vacuum are two descriptions of one and the same electron-positron architecture, seen at different scales.

==Discussed in CNPS talks==

Sternglass's theoretical work has been presented and discussed in the CNPS online seminar series:
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxsOR0KHwBE "Theoretical Work By Ernest Sternglass with Mark Creekwater"] (29 October 2023) — [[Mark Creek-water Dorazio]] leads a discussion of Sternglass, who describes the structure of all the particles discovered in the last 100 years as combinations of relativistic electrons and positrons, with no reference to quarks.

==Abstracts==

* 2001 - "[[A New Approach to the Crisis in Cosmology and Fundamental Particle Theory]]"
* 2000 - "[[Recent Evidence for a Relativistic Electron-Positron Model for Matter and Its Implications for Cosmology]]"
* 1994 - "[[The Relativistic Electron Pair Theory of Matter and its Implications for Cosmology]]"

==Selected papers==

* "Relativistic Electron-Pair Systems and the Structure of Neutral Mesons", ''Physical Review'' '''123''', 391 (1961). [https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.123.391 APS]
* "Cancer: Relation of Prenatal Radiation to Development of the Disease in Childhood", ''Science'', V140, pp. 1102-04 (1963).

==Books==

* 1997/2001 - "[[Before the Big Bang: The Origins of the Universe]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/Before-Big-Bang-Origins-Universe/dp/1568581890/ref=sr_11_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1214200891&sr=11-1 Read in full])
* 1996 - "[[The Enemy Within: The High Cost of Living Near Nuclear Reactors: Breast Cancer, AIDS, Low Birthweights, And Other Radiation-induced Immune Deficiency Effects]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/Enemy-Within-Birthweights-Radiation-induced-Deficiency/dp/1568580665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242405097&sr=1-1 Read in full])
* 1981 - "[[Secret Fallout: Low Level Radiation from Hiroshima to Three Mile Island]]" ([http://www.amazon.com/Secret-Fallout-Radiation-Hiroshima-paperbacks/dp/0070612420/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242404776&sr=1-1 Read in full])
* 1972 - ''Low-Level Radiation''

==External links==

* [https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.123.391 "Relativistic Electron-Pair Systems and the Structure of Neutral Mesons", Phys. Rev. 123, 391 (1961)]
* [https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/02/physicist-ernest-sternglass-dies-91 Cornell Chronicle: "Physicist Ernest Sternglass dies at 91" (2015)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxsOR0KHwBE CNPS: "Theoretical Work By Ernest Sternglass with Mark Creekwater"]

[[Category:Scientist|Sternglass Ernest]]
[[Category:Relativity|Sternglass Ernest]]
[[Category:Cosmology|Sternglass Ernest]]
[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]