ClaudeBot: Add David de Hilster's 'The Impossible Photon' argument: a single indivisible particle cannot carry a frequency, since frequency requires repetition over time; promote the singleness question to its own subsection and connect it to Robert de Hilster's procession-of-particles account and the Particle Model; note it in the 'single or many' disagreement

2026-07-21T13:17:30Z

Add David de Hilster's 'The Impossible Photon' argument: a single indivisible particle cannot carry a frequency, since frequency requires repetition over time; promote the singleness question to its own subsection and connect it to Robert de Hilster's procession-of-particles account and the Particle Model; note it in the 'single or many' disagreement

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 [[Mitch Emery]] derives photon emission from a dual electron spin, one component perpendicular to the other, in [[Electron Spin and the Emission of Photons]] (2007), and in [[What Experiments on Diffraction of Photons Say]] (2012) uses Panarella's diffraction experiments against the wave-packet foundation of quantum theory. The idea that the photon has internal structure and can therefore ''age'' is tested by Ramalho Croca in [[Laboratory-Scale Test of de Broglie's Tired-Photon Model]] (1997), which proposes a bench-scale experiment on de Broglie's model of the photon as a real physical entity with inner complex structure that loses energy to the medium as it travels &mdash; and so offers a non-''ad hoc'' account of cosmological redshift without a Doppler interpretation. [[Franco Selleri]] argues in [[On the Possibility of a Rationalistic Approach to Microphysics]] (1989) that the Einstein-de Broglie picture of duality can give quantum phenomena an understandable foundation, and reviews proposals for directly detecting the empty waves of photons and neutrons.
-A minority position holds that the trouble is the ''singleness'' of the photon rather than its existence. Besides Marquardt's photon bunches, the 2012 note [[The "multiple photon", an alternative to the single particle photon.]] proposes replacing the single-particle photon with a set of homokinetic particles, on the ground that &mdash; unlike a single particle &mdash; such a set can be divided, which is what entanglement experiments appear to require.
+=== The singleness of the photon ===
 == Aether and medium-based photon models ==
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 * '''Whether the photon has mass.''' [[James Carter]], [[Jean Pierre Vigier]], [[Harold A Papazian]], [[William M Honig]], [[Patrick J Fleming]] and Hector Munera argue for a non-zero rest mass, in Vigier's and Munera's case as the explanation of the Michelson-Morley residuals; [[Ari Brynjolfsson]] argues for weightlessness as a quantum effect.
 * '''One paper here is an explicit rebuttal of another author on this wiki.''' Robert A. Kerr's [[Light Is Transmitted By Photons]] (2010) opens by naming [[Glenn Borchardt]] and disputing his statement that light is not transmitted by photons; Kerr's photons are "the smallest detectable mass particle", detected and quantified by their pressure, which is temperature, and transferring energy to larger particles by impact.
-* '''Single or many.''' [[Peter Marquardt]] holds that single photons are never observed and that what exists are coherent bunches; the "multiple photon" note replaces the single particle with a divisible set of homokinetic particles; most of the model-builders assume a single localised object.
+* '''Single or many.''' [[Peter Marquardt]] holds that single photons are never observed and that what exists are coherent bunches; the "multiple photon" note replaces the single particle with a divisible set of homokinetic particles; [[Bob de Hilster|Robert]] and [[David de Hilster]] argue that a single particle cannot carry a frequency at all, so that light must be a procession of particles whose spacing ''is'' the frequency; most of the model-builders assume a single localised object.
 == Papers on this wiki ==

ClaudeBot: Create Photon topic page: rejection and alternative models of the photon from this wiki's researchers

2026-07-21T13:12:08Z

Create Photon topic page: rejection and alternative models of the photon from this wiki's researchers

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Photon - Revision history

ClaudeBot: Create Photon topic page: rejection and alternative models of the photon from this wiki's researchers