Athanassios A Nassikas: Difference between revisions

Athanassios A. Nassikas
Athanassios A. Nassikas
Born	1947 (age 78–79); Smixi, Grevena, Greece
Residence	Larissa, Greece
Nationality	Greek
Alma mater	National Technical University of Athens; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Known for	The Claim for Minimum Contradictions, Minimum contradictions physics, Zero Point Energy, New Energy
	Scientific career
Fields	Mechanical engineering, Renewable energy, Foundations of physics
Institutions	Technological Education Institute of Larissa

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Revision as of 23:16, 20 July 2026

Athanassios A. Nassikas (born 1947) is a Greek mechanical engineer and professor of renewable energy at the Technological Education Institute of Larissa, known in the natural-philosophy community for the Claim for Minimum Contradictions — a proposal that the proper criterion for a physical theory is not that it be free of contradictions, but that it contain as few as possible.

From this unusual starting point he has developed a unified account in which matter is not something located in space-time but is space-time itself, and from which he draws consequences for the unification of relativity with quantum mechanics, for the ether, and for zero-point energy and its possible extraction.

Education and early career

Nassikas was born in 1947 in Smixi, in the Grevena region of Greece. He took his degree in mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens in 1970, and pursued graduate studies at the Business University of Athens from 1970 to 1973.

From 1973 to 1977 he was a supervisor in the Developmental Programme of Ground Waters of Thessaly. In 1977 he co-founded Hydrowatt Ltd, a firm working on groundwater pump housing based on a patent he co-invented, remaining with it until 1985.

Doctorate and drying research

Between 1985 and 1989 Nassikas designed and completed a doctoral programme on the second law of thermodynamics at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, under the supervision of Prof. K. Akritidis. The work extended into drying technology in collaboration with Prof. R. Decuypere (Royal Military Academy, Belgium) and Prof. A. S. Mujumdar (McGill University, Montreal), yielding papers in Drying Technology and in Mujumdar's Drying series between 1989 and 1993, and a United States patent in 1992.

His preoccupation with the second law is worth noting, since the question of whether and how it may be circumvented runs through his later work on zero-point energy.

Academic career

He was a part-time scientific contributor and lecturer at the Technological Education Institute of Larissa from 1990, and was appointed to a professorship in its Department of Mechanical Engineering in 1995, with renewable forms of energy as his subject.

The Claim for Minimum Contradictions

Between 1990 and 1995 Nassikas wrote The Claim for Minimum Contradictions (Trohalia, 1995, in Greek), the book that underlies everything he has written since.

Its starting points were four: the dispute between deterministic and indeterministic conceptions of nature; the implications of Gödel's incompleteness results; the unresolved problem of unifying general relativity with quantum mechanics; and the accumulating evidence for zero-point energy.

The central move is a shift of criterion. Gödel's work, on Nassikas's reading, is inadequate for treating contradictory systems — it establishes what a consistent formal system cannot do, but physics has never in fact possessed a consistent system covering its whole domain. Relativity and quantum mechanics contradict one another, and have done so productively for a century. If contradiction cannot be eliminated, the rational course is to minimise it: to prefer, among competing accounts, the one whose contradictions are fewest. He later developed this into a formal theorem, refined across several versions between 2000 and 2004 under the editorship of Cynthia Kolb Whitney.

Minimum contradictions physics

Applying the claim, Nassikas sought to unify relativity and quantum mechanics not by reconciling their formalisms but by unifying the physical meanings each attributes to its terms.

The result is a scheme in which matter is space-time itself — stochastic, and distributed according to the quantum-mechanical probability density through what he calls a Hypothetical Measuring Field (HMF). Within it, real space-time corresponds to mass space and imaginary space-time to charge space, the two connected through photons. On this foundation he defines space-time operators and equations, the geometry of mass and charge space-time, and a matter-field intensity.

The consequence he emphasises is an ether: a minimum-contradictions space-time ether, developed in papers such as Minimum Contradictions Space-Time Ether - Everything (2006), On a Minimum Contradictions Ether - Everything (2007) and Electromagnetic Space-Time-Ether (2008), and a route by which gravitational and electromagnetic fields may interact — the point at which the theory becomes testable.

Experimental work

Nassikas has attempted to demonstrate gravitational–electromagnetic interaction directly. He constructed an asymmetric capacitor with a zero-potential casing which displayed a weight loss — though, as he reports candidly, not always reproducibly. He set out the proposed test in A Proposed Experiment to Verify Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction (2011) and reported further work in Experimental Verification of Superconducting Self Propulsion (2012).

This connects his work to the New Energy literature documented on this wiki and to the wider question of whether the zero-point field can be coupled to.

Collaborations

Nassikas's work has been closely shaped by others in this community. After an introduction by Prof. A. Smirnov and Prof. G. Klyushin he collaborated with the late Prof. P. F. Parshin on On The Possibility of a Unique Axiom in Physics (2001), which he regards as a key step toward his final position.

Cynthia Kolb Whitney edited successive versions of his theorem and corrected its terminology; Michael C Duffy reviewed the resulting book. At Whitney's suggestion he also examined neutron synthesis as proposed by Ruggero Maria Santilli within hadronic mechanics, in Santilli's Etherino Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions (2008).

His summative work, Minimum Contradictions Everything (Hadronic Press, 2009), was written at Duffy's suggestion to present the whole of his argument without gaps.

Abstracts

2012 - "Experimental Verification of Superconducting Self Propulsion" (Read in full)
2011 - "A Proposed Experiment to Verify Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction" (Read in full)
2010 - "Is There a Higgs' Boson?" (Read in full)
2009 - "Universe Evolution Under The Claim for Minimum Contradictions" (Read in full)
2008 - "Electromagnetic Space-Time-Ether" (Read in full)
2008 - "Santilli's Etherino Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions"
2007 - "On a Minimum Contradictions Ether - Everything"
2006 - "Minimum Contradictions Everything & Ether and Forces' Unification"
2006 - "Minimum Contradictions Space-Time Ether - Everything" (Read in full)
2005 - "Basic Statements Required for a Minimum Contradictions Everything"
2004 - "On a Minimum Contradictions"
2003 - "Minimum Contradictions Physics as a New Paradigm"
2002 - "The Relativity Theory and the Quantum Mechanics Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions"
2001 - "A Claim for Minimum Contradictions in Physics"
2001 - "On The Possibility of a Unique Axiom in Physics"
2000 - "A Hypothesis of Quantum Space-Time Aether"
1996 - "The Hypothesis and The Equations of The Unified Matter Field"

Books

2009 - "Minimum Contradictions Everything" (Hadronic Press)
1995 - "The Claim for Minimum Contradictions" (Trohalia, in Greek; 220 pp., ISBN 960-7022-64-5)

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1947}}
 | birth_place = Smixi, Grevena, Greece
-| fields = Mechanical engineering, renewable energy, foundations of physics
+| fields = Mechanical engineering, Renewable energy, Foundations of physics
+| alma_mater = National Technical University of Athens; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
 | workplaces = Technological Education Institute of Larissa
 | residence = Larissa, Greece
 | nationality = Greek
-| known_for = The Claim for Minimum Contradictions; minimum-contradictions physics; [[Zero Point Energy|zero point energy]]
+| known_for = The Claim for Minimum Contradictions, Minimum contradictions physics, [[Zero Point Energy]], [[New Energy]]
 }}
-'''Athanassios A. Nassikas''' (born 1947 in Smixi, Grevena) is a Greek mechanical engineer and professor of renewable energy at the Technological Education Institute of Larissa, who since the mid-1990s has developed a programme he calls '''minimum-contradictions physics'''.
+'''Athanassios A. Nassikas''' (born 1947) is a Greek mechanical engineer and professor of renewable energy at the Technological Education Institute of Larissa, known in the natural-philosophy community for the '''Claim for Minimum Contradictions''' — a proposal that the proper criterion for a physical theory is not that it be free of contradictions, but that it contain '''as few as possible'''.
-Its founding move is not physical but logical. Nassikas argues that the system of reasoning physics inherits &mdash; Aristotelian logic together with the principle of sufficient reason and the anterior&ndash;posterior axiom &mdash; is ''itself contradictory''. If that is so, no consequence drawn from it can be free of contradiction, and the most one can ask of a theory is that it minimise them. From this he derives a unified account in which space-time is stochastic and ''is'' matter, and in which gravitation and electromagnetism are two aspects of the same space-time.
+From this unusual starting point he has developed a unified account in which matter is not something located in space-time but '''is space-time itself''', and from which he draws consequences for the unification of relativity with quantum mechanics, for the [[Aether|ether]], and for [[Zero Point Energy|zero-point energy]] and its possible extraction.
-== Career ==
+==Education and early career==
-Nassikas took a degree in mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens (ΕΜΠ) in 1970, followed by graduate study at the Business University of Athens from 1970 to 1973.
+Nassikas was born in 1947 in Smixi, in the Grevena region of Greece. He took his degree in mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens in 1970, and pursued graduate studies at the Business University of Athens from 1970 to 1973.
-His early career was in water engineering. From 1973 to 1977 he was a supervisor in the Developmental Program of Ground Waters of Thessaly, and from 1977 to 1985 he co-founded and ran Hydrowatt Ltd, which built pump houses for ground water on the basis of a patent he co-invented.
+From 1973 to 1977 he was a supervisor in the Developmental Programme of Ground Waters of Thessaly. In 1977 he co-founded '''Hydrowatt Ltd''', a firm working on groundwater pump housing based on a patent he co-invented, remaining with it until 1985.
-Between 1985 and 1989 he designed a doctoral programme on the second law of thermodynamics and took his PhD at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki under Prof. K. Akritidis, working with Prof. R. Decuypere of the Royal Military Academy in Belgium and Prof. A. S. Mujumdar of McGill University in Montreal on drying applications. That work produced articles in ''Drying Technology'' and in Mujumdar's ''Drying'' volumes (1989, 1991, 1993) and a United States patent in 1992.
+==Doctorate and drying research==
-He joined the Technological Education Institute of Larissa as a part-time scientific contributor and professor in 1990, and took up a professorship in its Department of Mechanical Engineering in 1995, his subject being renewable forms of energy.
+Between 1985 and 1989 Nassikas designed and completed a doctoral programme on the '''second law of thermodynamics''' at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, under the supervision of Prof. K. Akritidis. The work extended into drying technology in collaboration with Prof. R. Decuypere (Royal Military Academy, Belgium) and Prof. A. S. Mujumdar (McGill University, Montreal), yielding papers in ''Drying Technology'' and in Mujumdar's ''Drying'' series between 1989 and 1993, and a United States patent in 1992.
-== The Claim for Minimum Contradictions ==
+His preoccupation with the second law is worth noting, since the question of whether and how it may be circumvented runs through his later work on zero-point energy.
-=== The logical starting point ===
+==Academic career==
-The programme began with the book ''[[The Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]'', written between 1990 and 1995 and published in Greek by Trohalia (220 pp., ISBN 960-7022-64-5). Nassikas has described the questions that prompted it: the choice between deterministic and indeterministic accounts of nature, the implications of Gödel's theorem, the outstanding problem of unifying [[General Relativity|general relativity]] with quantum mechanics, and the accumulating indications of [[Zero Point Energy|zero point energy]].
+He was a part-time scientific contributor and lecturer at the Technological Education Institute of Larissa from 1990, and was appointed to a professorship in its Department of Mechanical Engineering in 1995, with '''renewable forms of energy''' as his subject.
-Gödel's incompleteness results were his epistemological starting point, but he judged them '''inadequate for treating contradictory systems''' &mdash; they concern what a consistent system cannot prove, not how to proceed when the system is itself inconsistent. His own theorem, developed between 2000 and 2004, was intended to fill that gap: if the basic communication system is contradictory, its consequences must be derived under a claim for ''minimum'' contradictions rather than none.
+==The Claim for Minimum Contradictions==
-=== Minimum-contradictions physics ===
+Between 1990 and 1995 Nassikas wrote ''[[The Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]'' (Trohalia, 1995, in Greek), the book that underlies everything he has written since.
-The physical content follows from applying that claim. Space-time is '''stochastic''', distributed according to the quantum-mechanical probability density through what Nassikas calls a '''Hypothetical Measuring Field''' (HMF), and space-time is not a stage on which matter sits but is matter itself &mdash; a "matter-ether".
+Its starting points were four: the dispute between deterministic and indeterministic conceptions of nature; the implications of '''Gödel's''' incompleteness results; the unresolved problem of unifying general relativity with quantum mechanics; and the accumulating evidence for zero-point energy.
-Because matter may be either mass or charge, there are correspondingly two space-times: a mass-gravitational '''(g)''' space-time and a charge-electromagnetic '''(em)''' space-time. Real space-time corresponds to mass space and imaginary space-time to charge space, the two connected through photons. The (em) space-time obeys the same principles as the (g) one, since both are space-time &mdash; and yet is not the same: any time interval in the (em) space-time is, in Nassikas' phrase, ''incomprehensible'' with respect to a coexisting (g) interval, and is represented by an imaginary number, which is itself incomprehensible.
+The central move is a shift of criterion. Gödel's work, on Nassikas's reading, is '''inadequate for treating contradictory systems''' — it establishes what a consistent formal system cannot do, but physics has never in fact possessed a consistent system covering its whole domain. Relativity and quantum mechanics contradict one another, and have done so productively for a century. If contradiction cannot be eliminated, the rational course is to '''minimise''' it: to prefer, among competing accounts, the one whose contradictions are fewest. He later developed this into a formal theorem, refined across several versions between 2000 and 2004 under the editorship of [[Cynthia Kolb Whitney]].
-What results is a matter space-time relativistic quantum mechanics which, he stresses, has both similarities to and differences from relativity theory and quantum mechanics rather than reducing to either.
+==Minimum contradictions physics==
-=== Consequences ===
+Applying the claim, Nassikas sought to unify relativity and quantum mechanics not by reconciling their formalisms but by unifying '''the physical meanings''' each attributes to its terms.
-Two consequences recur through the later papers, and both are eliminative: the interaction of the (g) with the (em) space-time is asked to do work for which the standard model introduces new entities.
+The result is a scheme in which '''matter is space-time itself''' — stochastic, and distributed according to the quantum-mechanical probability density through what he calls a '''Hypothetical Measuring Field (HMF)'''. Within it, '''real''' space-time corresponds to '''mass''' space and '''imaginary''' space-time to '''charge''' space, the two connected through photons. On this foundation he defines space-time operators and equations, the geometry of mass and charge space-time, and a matter-field intensity.
-* '''No Higgs boson.''' In "[[Is There a Higgs' Boson?]]" (2010) Nassikas argued that particles can acquire mass through the (g)&ndash;(em) interaction, so that no Higgs field is required, and staked the question explicitly on the forthcoming CERN result. The discovery of a Higgs boson was announced in 2012, and the reader should weigh the paper accordingly.
+The consequence he emphasises is an [[Aether|ether]]: a minimum-contradictions space-time ether, developed in papers such as ''[[Minimum Contradictions Space-Time Ether - Everything]]'' (2006), ''[[On a Minimum Contradictions Ether - Everything]]'' (2007) and ''[[Electromagnetic Space-Time-Ether]]'' (2008), and a route by which gravitational and electromagnetic fields may interact — the point at which the theory becomes testable.
-* '''No dark matter.''' "[[Universe Evolution Under The Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]" (2009) treats the evolution of the universe as driven by the same (g)&ndash;(em) interaction rather than by dark matter or comparable additions.
-He has also related the scheme to [[Ruggero Maria Santilli|R. M. Santilli]]'s hadronic mechanics, in "[[Santilli's Etherino Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]" (2008) and in a later article on neutron synthesis.
+==Experimental work==
-== Experimental work ==
+Nassikas has attempted to demonstrate gravitational–electromagnetic interaction directly. He constructed an '''asymmetric capacitor with a zero-potential casing''' which displayed a weight loss — though, as he reports candidly, '''not always reproducibly'''. He set out the proposed test in ''[[A Proposed Experiment to Verify Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction]]'' (2011) and reported further work in ''[[Experimental Verification of Superconducting Self Propulsion]]'' (2012).
-Nassikas has attempted to demonstrate the gravitational&ndash;electromagnetic interaction directly. He built an asymmetric capacitor with a zero-potential casing which showed a loss of weight &mdash; but, by his own account, '''not reproducibly'''. He has also proposed and reported further tests, in "[[A Proposed Experiment to Verify Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction]]" (2011) and "[[Experimental Verification of Superconducting Self Propulsion]]" (2012).
+This connects his work to the [[New Energy]] literature documented on this wiki and to the wider question of whether the zero-point field can be coupled to.
-== Collaborators and editors ==
+==Collaborations==
-The development of the work is unusually well documented, and two names recur. After an introduction by Professors A. Smirnov and G. Klyushin, Nassikas collaborated with the late Prof. P. F. Parshin on "[[On The Possibility of a Unique Axiom in Physics]]" (2001), which he regards as a decisive step toward his own theorem. The successive versions of that theorem were edited by [[Cynthia Kolb Whitney]], then editor of ''Galilean Electrodynamics'', who made substantial corrections including changes of terminology.
+Nassikas's work has been closely shaped by others in this community. After an introduction by Prof. A. Smirnov and Prof. G. Klyushin he collaborated with the late Prof. P. F. Parshin on ''[[On The Possibility of a Unique Axiom in Physics]]'' (2001), which he regards as a key step toward his final position.
-From 2004 he presented at [[Natural Philosophy Alliance]] and PIRT conferences. His book ''[[Minimum Contradictions Everything]]'' (Hadronic Press, 2009) was written at the suggestion of [[Michael C Duffy|Dr M. C. Duffy]], who reviewed it, and again edited by Whitney; it gathers the whole of the programme in a form intended to leave no gaps.
+[[Cynthia Kolb Whitney]] edited successive versions of his theorem and corrected its terminology; [[Michael C Duffy]] reviewed the resulting book. At Whitney's suggestion he also examined neutron synthesis as proposed by [[Ruggero Maria Santilli]] within hadronic mechanics, in ''[[Santilli's Etherino Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]'' (2008).
-== Papers on this wiki ==
+His summative work, ''[[Minimum Contradictions Everything]]'' (Hadronic Press, 2009), was written at Duffy's suggestion to present the whole of his argument without gaps.
-* 1996 &mdash; "[[The Hypothesis and The Equations of The Unified Matter Field]]"
+==Abstracts==
-* 2000 &mdash; "[[A Hypothesis of Quantum Space-Time Aether]]"
-* 2001 &mdash; "[[A Claim for Minimum Contradictions in Physics]]"
-* 2001 &mdash; "[[On The Possibility of a Unique Axiom in Physics]]", with P. F. Parshin
-* 2002 &mdash; "[[The Relativity Theory and the Quantum Mechanics Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]"
-* 2003 &mdash; "[[Minimum Contradictions Physics as a New Paradigm]]"
-* 2004 &mdash; "[[On a Minimum Contradictions]]"
-* 2005 &mdash; "[[Basic Statements Required for a Minimum Contradictions Everything]]"
-* 2006 &mdash; "[[Minimum Contradictions Space-Time Ether - Everything]]" ([http://www.physicsfoundations.org/PIRT_X/papers/NASSIKAS%20Space%20Time%20Ether.pdf read in full])
-* 2006 &mdash; "[[Minimum Contradictions Everything & Ether and Forces' Unification]]"
-* 2007 &mdash; "[[On a Minimum Contradictions Ether - Everything]]"
-* 2008 &mdash; "[[Electromagnetic Space-Time-Ether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_44.pdf read in full])
-* 2008 &mdash; "[[Santilli's Etherino Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]"
-* 2009 &mdash; "[[Universe Evolution Under The Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1972.pdf read in full])
-* 2010 &mdash; "[[Is There a Higgs' Boson?]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5321.pdf read in full])
-* 2011 &mdash; "[[A Proposed Experiment to Verify Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6253.pdf read in full])
-* 2012 &mdash; "[[Experimental Verification of Superconducting Self Propulsion]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6697.pdf read in full])
-== Books ==
+* 2012 - "[[Experimental Verification of Superconducting Self Propulsion]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6697.pdf Read in full])
+* 2011 - "[[A Proposed Experiment to Verify Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6253.pdf Read in full])
+* 2010 - "[[Is There a Higgs' Boson?]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_5321.pdf Read in full])
+* 2009 - "[[Universe Evolution Under The Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_1972.pdf Read in full])
+* 2008 - "[[Electromagnetic Space-Time-Ether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_44.pdf Read in full])
+* 2008 - "[[Santilli's Etherino Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]"
+* 2007 - "[[On a Minimum Contradictions Ether - Everything]]"
+* 2006 - "[[Minimum Contradictions Everything & Ether and Forces' Unification]]"
+* 2006 - "[[Minimum Contradictions Space-Time Ether - Everything]]" ([http://www.physicsfoundations.org/PIRT_X/papers/NASSIKAS%20Space%20Time%20Ether.pdf Read in full])
+* 2005 - "[[Basic Statements Required for a Minimum Contradictions Everything]]"
+* 2004 - "[[On a Minimum Contradictions]]"
+* 2003 - "[[Minimum Contradictions Physics as a New Paradigm]]"
+* 2002 - "[[The Relativity Theory and the Quantum Mechanics Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]"
+* 2001 - "[[A Claim for Minimum Contradictions in Physics]]"
+* 2001 - "[[On The Possibility of a Unique Axiom in Physics]]"
+* 2000 - "[[A Hypothesis of Quantum Space-Time Aether]]"
+* 1996 - "[[The Hypothesis and The Equations of The Unified Matter Field]]"
-* 2009 &mdash; "[[Minimum Contradictions Everything]]" (Hadronic Press)
+==Books==
-* 1995 &mdash; "[[The Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]" (Trohalia, in Greek; ISBN 960-7022-64-5)
-== See also ==
+* 2009 - "[[Minimum Contradictions Everything]]" (Hadronic Press)
+* 1995 - "[[The Claim for Minimum Contradictions]]" (Trohalia, in Greek; 220 pp., ISBN 960-7022-64-5)
-* [[Cynthia Kolb Whitney]] &mdash; editor of the successive versions of his theorem
+==See also==
-* [[Michael C Duffy]] &mdash; who prompted and reviewed ''Minimum Contradictions Everything''
-* [[Ruggero Maria Santilli]] &mdash; whose etherino and hadronic mechanics Nassikas relates to his own scheme
+* [[Aether]]
-* [[Zero Point Energy]], [[Aether]]
+* [[Zero Point Energy]]
+* [[New Energy]]
+* [[Cynthia Kolb Whitney]]
+* [[:Category:Zero Point Energy|Category: Zero Point Energy]]
 [[Category:Scientist|Nassikas Athanassios]]
-[[Category:Zero Point Energy|Nassikas Athanassios]]
+[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists]]
-[[Category:Unified Theory|Nassikas Athanassios]]
-[[Category:Philosophy of Science|Nassikas Athanassios]]
+[[Category:Zero Point Energy]]
-[[Category:Worldwide List of Dissident Scientists|Nassikas Athanassios]]
+[[Category:Aether|Nassikas Athanassios]]