Summary

This file supersedes the file Universe.svg. It is recommended to use this file rather than the other one. Reason why to use this file over the other file: "Improvements: better dash patterns, more accurate curves (actual solutions of the Friedmann equations, not hand-drawn)." Bahasa Indonesia ∙ davvisámegiella ∙ Deutsch ∙ English ∙ español ∙ français ∙ italiano ∙ magyar ∙ Nederlands ∙ polski ∙ svenska ∙ македонски ∙ മലയാളം ∙ português do Brasil ∙ русский ∙ slovenščina ∙ 日本語 ∙ 中文（简体） ∙ 中文（繁體） ∙ farsi ∙ +/−

Formulas

This diagram uses the following exact solutions to the Friedmann equations:

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}a(t)=H_{0}t&\Omega _{M}=\Omega _{\Lambda }=0\\{\begin{cases}a(q)={\tfrac {\Omega _{M}}{2(1-\Omega _{M})}}(\cosh q-1)\\t(q)={\tfrac {\Omega _{M}}{2H_{0}(1-\Omega _{M})^{3/2}}}(\sinh q-q)\end{cases}}&0<\Omega _{M}<1,\ \Omega _{\Lambda }=0\\a(t)=\left({\tfrac {3}{2}}H_{0}t\right)^{2/3}&\Omega _{M}=1,\ \Omega _{\Lambda }=0\\{\begin{cases}a(q)={\tfrac {\Omega _{M}}{2(\Omega _{M}-1)}}(1-\cos q)\\t(q)={\tfrac {\Omega _{M}}{2H_{0}(\Omega _{M}-1)^{3/2}}}(q-\sin q)\end{cases}}&\Omega _{M}>1,\ \Omega _{\Lambda }=0\\a(t)=\left({\tfrac {\Omega _{M}}{\Omega _{\Lambda }}}\sinh ^{2}\left({\tfrac {3}{2}}{\sqrt {\Omega _{\Lambda }}}H_{0}t\right)\right)^{1/3}&0<\Omega _{M}<1,\ \Omega _{\Lambda }=1-\Omega _{M}\end{cases}}}$

See also

Some of the shown models are implemented as an animation at Cosmos-animation.

Licensing

I, the copyright holder of this work, release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so: I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.