The Four Universal Motions in Physics
| Scientific Theory | |
|---|---|
| Name | The Four Universal Motions in Physics |
| Type | Newtonian, Particle |
| Author(s) | Robert de Hilster, David de Hilster |
| Keywords | gravity, magnetism, light, electricity, particle, motion |
| Year | 2024 |
| Website | https://fourmotions.org |
The Four Universal Motions in Physics is a model proposed by father-son team Robert de Hilster and David de Hilster which holds that light, gravity, magnetism, and electricity are all the same particle traveling at the speed of light, and that the forces we observe are the result of the different ways that particle moves. The model asserts that "all forces in the universe can be described physically and visually by combining these four motions together." It is an extension of the Particle Model and is detailed in the book Principia Mathematica 2. Further information, videos, and papers are available at the theory's website, fourmotions.org.
Overview
Rather than treating the fundamental forces as separate phenomena governed by separate laws, the Four Universal Motions model proposes a single particle that produces every force through its pattern of movement. Four distinct motions — gravitic, magnetic, luminic, and electric — account for the forces of gravity, magnetism, light, and electricity respectively. By combining these motions, the authors claim the model can describe all forces in the universe both physically and visually, without resorting to fields, wave-particle duality, or action at a distance.
The Four Motions
Gravitic Motion
Gravitic motion is the random motion of the fundamental particle, and in this model it is the most basic of the four motions — the one from which the others are built. Gravity is treated not as attraction across empty space but as a push: space is filled with vast numbers of small, fast, similar bodies (called G1 particles) travelling in straight lines in random directions, and their collisions with matter produce the effect we call gravity. It is a modern, particle-collision form of the "push" (or shadow) theory of gravitation — compare Fatio de Duillier and Georges-Louis Le Sage — developed by Robert de Hilster and David de Hilster.
Gravitic motion defined
A gravitic field is made up of moving bodies with the following characteristics:
- they travel in straight lines;
- they travel in random directions;
- they are similar in size and mass;
- they have similar speed;
- they are significantly faster than the bodies they affect;
- they are significantly smaller than the bodies they affect;
- they occur at all macro and micro levels of the universe;
- they can be any type of moving body.
The shadowing effect
Because matter is almost entirely empty space, roughly half of the G1 particles pass straight through a body while half strike it. When two bodies are near one another, each partly shadows the other from the surrounding flux, so each is struck a little harder from the outside than from the space between them. The net imbalance of impacts pushes the two bodies together — which, in this model, is what we observe as gravity, and what makes objects fall and orbit.
The live simulation below shows two large bodies (blue) struck by roughly 3,500 small particles moving in random directions. About half the particles pass through the bodies; the mutual shadowing causes the two bodies to accelerate toward each other.
Inertia
The model also reinterprets inertia. Newton's first law states that a body in motion continues at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force, but it does not explain why motion persists. In the Four Motions model, a moving body keeps moving because the random impacts of the surrounding gravitic-field particles sustain its motion:
- "Inertia: bodies in motion within a gravitic field keep in motion because of the random impacts upon that body by the smaller bodies in the gravitic field." — de Hilster & de Hilster
The simulation below is the same collision model with a single large body: after an initial push to the right it continues moving, acted on only by random particle impacts, with no apparent slowdown.
Two gravities
The model distinguishes two gravities: "Gravity one," produced by G1 particles moving randomly at the celestial level, and "Gravity two," produced by much faster G2 particles moving randomly at the quantum level, which keep the G1 particles in orbit around the atomic nucleus.
For the authors' fuller treatment, with these animations, see the source page: fourmotions.org — Gravitic Motion.
Magnetic Motion
Magnetic motion is a circular or orbiting motion of the particle. In this model, "same rotations repel, opposite rotations attract," providing a physical, visual explanation for magnetic attraction and repulsion in place of magnetic field lines.
Luminic Motion
Luminic motion is the wave-like pattern produced by particles moving through space, and is associated with light. Because the wave pattern is a property of how the particles move rather than of a wave itself, this motion resolves the wave-particle duality — light behaves as a particle whose repetitive motion gives it wavelength.
Electric Motion
Electric motion is the directional flow of particles moving together in a single direction, and is associated with electricity.
Relationship to the Particle Model
The Four Universal Motions build directly on the Particle Model, which proposes that the entire universe and everything in it can be described as particles. Where the Particle Model establishes the particles themselves (such as the G1 and G2 particles), the Four Universal Motions describe how the movement of those particles gives rise to the four observable forces.